Showing posts with label Psikologi. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Psikologi. Show all posts

IL Concetto di Machiavelli tra Retorica e LogicaIL Concetto di Machiavelli tra Retorica e Logica

By On April 13, 2013


Machiavelli statue Uffizi Firenze Italia
machiavelli teoria politica
  
Voglio scrivere un concetto di Machiavelli “tra Retorica e Logica

Questa poderosa concezione storicizzante (con riguardo sia al mondo politico dell’uomo, sia l mondo naturale) si sorregge con una sua logica che viene progressivamente ricercata, saggiata, affinata, da Machiavelli nel vivo delle quetioni storiche studiate, sempre ll luce di quel confronto che l’umanesimo da tempo aveva avviato tra Retorica e Logica, nele rispondenze concrete ai problemi propri di singoli campi disciplinari. machiavelli teoria politica.

Machiavelli, per dirla in breve, pare seguire una ferma convinzione che, da un lato, i discorsi senza una loro logica, apparecchiata con metodo rigoroso, perdono lo strumento della forza; ma, d’altro lato, i discorsi senza l’usilio della retorica perdono l’orientamento della rispondenza strategica alle esigenze della ricerca, perche rimangono privi di una capacita’ di svogiamento discorsivo ch arricchisca di varianti d’uso nell’argomentazione, di regole d’opportunita’, di accorgimenti d’adattamento ale singole questioni. "machiavelli teoria politica "

Si tratta, pertanto, di muoversi tra Retorica e Logica, oscillando tra, da un lato, la conformazione di una ricerca a specifiche strutture analitico-discorsive, e d’altro lato, la conduzione di un discorso vriamente ispirato dalle esigenze discorsive con sui si stesse il filo delle parole nel vivo dell’esperienza, in chiave ora esplorativa, ora congetturale, ora dimostrativa, ora persuasiva, ora rievocativa e cosi via. Il Machiavelli “Logico” si avvale dunque di quella duplice valenza, ora “logica” in senso stretto, ora “Retorica” in senso ampio (di una retorica della verita’, come ha felicemente detto il Raimondi), che contraddistingue la cultura umanistica, per addentrarsi nella selva qusi inesplorata della logicita’ del discorso storiografico. "machiavelli teoria politica"

Le problematiche piu’ salienti che Machiavelli affronta in tale cammino sono anzitutto quell della logica dell’Esemplarita’ (in cui il punto cruciama ad una concezione paradigmatica dell’esempio, dapprima ad una concezione casistica di esso, e di poi ad una analogica dello stesso, in chiave di “modello” in base ad una elaborazione storistica della:
Quella della logica dell processualita’ (in cui il punto cruciale fu l’adattamento delle techniche analisi logica proprie dell’arte diagnostica dei segni, per utilizzarle enll’esame storiografico dello svoglimento di un corso di cose, in un certo contsto ricostruttivo, appositmente strutturato funzialmente lla luce di talune ctegorie);

Poi quelle della logica dell ermeneutica ipotetica (in cui il punto cruciale fu il passagio da una concezione congetturale ad una concezione abduttiva, in chiave storicizzante, della formulazione di ipotesi interpretativedella esperienza fattuale);

poi quelle della logica modelli (in cui il punto crucile fu l’elaborazione di un ruolo ed un significato rigoroso dell’uso di schematizzazioni tipiche nello studio dell’esperienza storica, in maniera logicamente di stinta da quella dell’uso di definizioni d’identita’ per il tramite di qualificazioni d’essenza);

poi quelle della logica delle relazioni (in cui il punto crucile fu il passagio ad una concezione pragmatica della causalita’ ad una concezione funzionale di essa, cosi da spiegare, alla luce di una stessa modalita’ processuale, piu’ vicende che si svolgono con differenti nessi interni di azioni, di protagonisti, di ocassioni ecc., ma con uno stesso esito in termini strutturalli);

poi quele della logica dell’analogia ( in cui il punto cruciale fu il passagio da una concezione prevalentemente ‘metaforico-allegrica’, ad una concezione ‘topico-rgoentale’ dei procesi diairetici di raffronto, trasposizione, assimilazione, traduzione ecc. Tra casi d’esperienza);

poi quelle della logica della valutazione delle probabilita’ ( sia in chiave pre-visionale, sia in chiave post-visionale);

poi quelle della logica dei rocessi dialettici di conversione di una cosa nel suo contrario, oppure di trasformazione di una cosa per ecesso di alcuni suoi elementi che escono dall’assetto ordinario, vlicando in via straordinaria i imiti di minimo-massimo propri della composizione mista di un certo corpo;

In tutto tale itinerario sterminato di indagine retorico-logica si registra una progressiva attenzione di Machivelli ai procedimenti induttivi e una minor fiducia in quelli deduttivi (inizialmente usati con ferma convinzione sillogistica): con la mira fissa sempre al bersaglio fondamentale di argomentare la storicita’. "machiavelli teoria politica"


Capitolo: “ Machiavelli e la fondazione delle metodologia della conoscenza storica” p.482-533
La filosofia e le scienze dell’uomo – Bramante Editrice 
machiavelli teoria politica

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How to be respected and trusted effectively on Machiavelist wayHow to be respected and trusted effectively on Machiavelist way

By On April 8, 2013


Il Principe Machiavelli cover book
Today I am telling to you about a thought to get respect and trust also loyalty on machiavelist way which popular as machiavelism. How to be respected and trusted effectively? Before learn it, first we should know more about who is Machiavelli?. 


Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italia 1469. His full name is Niccolo Machiavelli. He was jailed by the Medici government because blamed as a traitor. Shortly he could prove that he was not a traitor and he wrote some books such as A history of Florence, La Mandragola, The art of War and the famous book “Il principle” which was presented to Lorenzo, the son of King Piero Medici itself. The book titled “Il Principe”- 1513 (The prince) is the famous or most popular book for people who loves politic, its content give realistic perspective. It offer tricky intrique, cruel, and lie as an effective way to get power, and respected by others. Some people said that “Il Principe” become a guide book for some legendary leader such as Mussolini, Lenin, Stalin, Napoleon and Adolf Hitler. (posted on "How to be respected and trusted")

Ok, thats short description about Machiavelli. So let’s go to the point. How to be respected or to be well thoughts-of and trusted effectively? And giving result to make others people become ‘loyal’ through it. The answer is only two choices “To be loved” or “to be feared”. Both is an effective way belong to Machiavelli thought. Why both of them is effective?, because based on psychology it can be explained realisticly and logicaly. Let’s learn more about it.

Through love
Based on Machiavelli thought that love symbolized by materialistic thing. We give what the people needs, we give wellfare, give well paying, well attention and well disposed or kindness to others. Thousand years ago, and several times, people says that when you give love then you will get love back. Even the wild animal will love you when you give and show love to them. But, Machiavelli has different perspective about human based on the human psychology. Machiavelli said that Dont trust human absolutely and better trust to wild animal than to human being. Why? Because Machiavelli learn that wild animal thought is simple not as complex as the human being have.

Moreover, Machiavelli know that wild animal dont have Ego, they only have instinct and it runs by the natural law.  You give them food and well life then they will love and loyal to you even the dangerous thing come, you has assumed as a family member by them so they will protecting you. How about Human? Does they do the same thing? (posted on "How to be respected and trusted")

As we know that Human is an unique creature. They are unique because their complexity of thought which has moved by the Ego. By the Ego which has reslulted a freewill, Human has different thought and perspective. Machiavelli has offered some example based on the history of rebellion at his time. At that time, He said that love only works for few people which has well-educated about his obligations and rights as citizen. On my own opinion, maybe Machiavelli has realized before Abe (Abraham Lincoln) about it but Abe has stated more clearly than Machiaveli did. This is what Abe stated on his popular speech; “ Dont ask what the country can give to you but ask what you can give to the country”.

Il Principe Machiavelli old book

Through Fear,
Fear way has recommended by Machiavelli as an effective way to get respected and trusted. On his thought, basically human is naive, greedy and has fear. Why machiaveli said that human is greedy? At his time, people is never feel enough about what he has already got and they also always thirsty of chalenges. Does the human also have it nowadays, and how many people do it in this world? You can keep your answer for your material comtemplation. Next, let’s talk about fear itself based on Machiavelli thought. (posted on "How to be respected and trusted")

People has born to the world also with their fear feeling which has grown time by time and flows on their head. Machiavelli said that people will not hesitate to be a traitor, and follow the command which gave by the people who has feared by them. For him, Human is egoist because they only think what they can get then they will leaving even maybe will forget with what they has already got when the dangerous come. But, the fear will bounding him such as getting hard punishment. Does it works? You can answer by yourself If you realize that this fear method also has used by religion to bound their disciple.

Machiavelli also has given an advice when the king want to use the fear mehod because ‘the feared’ also followed by ‘the hated’. How to be feared without hated by others? The king should be strict with his law, fair when giving a punisment and dont take what the people have despotically or extremely. It means that the king should be a wise leader when he wouldn’t to be hated by their follower through fear itself.

That’s all a short explanation about Machiavelli’s thought about how to be trusted and respeted also become leader with loyal follower. Everything on this post is only for knowledge and I dont teach you to become a dictator through this machiavelist thought because we live on different time between machiavelli. 

See ya on next post....

This article posted on "How to be respected and trusted"

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New Kartu Halo-Motivational Advertisement New Kartu Halo-Motivational Advertisement

By On March 31, 2013

     
Kartu halo Just for you
      Today, I will share a motivational quotation from advertisement that I saw on TV last week. I don't really like watching TV programme except news programme, so maybe I was late knowing this motivational advertisement. This is 'New Kartu Halo' advertisement to promote their new brand. For your information that Kartu Halo is an old mobile phone operator in Indonesia which have an image that it is only for Old generation. It's mean that they only have old age(elder) costumers for several years ago. Through this new campaign programme, they are trying to promote it to young costumers that have a good prospect for the future because the young loves gadget especially most of them are internet user. OK, I think it's enough for the intermezzo. Let's see and analyze this advertisement (this is short version for TV advertisement): Iklan New Kartu Halo terbaru 2013


Translation from full version of kartu halo advertisement:

• “Setiap orang perlu berubah” - Everybody needs to change/transform;
• “Berubah dari pencarian… menjadi penjelajahan” - From seeking/searching...to journey/wander;
• “Dari sekedar berangan-angan… menjadi kenyataan” - From dreams...to crystallize concrete/reality;
• “Dari lambat… menjadi paling cepat” - From slow/slack ... to fast;
• “Dari bukan siapa-siapa… jadi yang teristimewa” - From nothing/zero....to well-known/hero;
• “Dari yang terbatas… menjadi tanpa batas” - From limited...to limitless;
• “Berubah bukan hanya tambah usia, tapi semakin dewasa” - Change not only getting Old but also more mature;
• “Bukan hanya menjadi pengikut, tapi pemberi inspirasi” - Not only to be follower, but inspiring to others;
• “Berubah jadi yang terbaik” - Change/transform to be the best;
• “Berubah itu mudah” - Change/transformation is easy.
Quote from : Iklan New Kartu Halo terbaru 2013

That's sound similar with cigarette advertisement that give an image of freedom, and challenge.  The human psychology is close with freedom and challenge, it flows on their DNA. You can learn about it comprehensively through the book "Challenges to Theoretical Psychology by Wolfgang Mairs - ISTP 1997" especially on Page 200. 

Are you human being? yes you are, then you often talk of man as a being capable of making alternative choices i.e. of having the power to choose what they want as far as it doesnt harm/crash with the others. The spirit of freedom screws up on the human head and calling them to do what the spirit said. i.e. "Go ahead", "be a free", "yes, you are. Yo can do it". That sound is often or ever heard on our head, isn't it? Usually the young person is a good image to show this spirit of freedom because they are more energic and dynamic not static as the Old age do. Iklan New Kartu Halo terbaru 2013

That is why the method of using "spirit of freedom" is still effective and attractive to get more attention from people. "People need challenge, people need existentialism (read about Existentialism), people need freedom". The brand marketing are getting both costumers not only youth but also old age/elder because even the old age/elder are static after having happy family but personally they still love 'spirit of freedom', the free will, the spirit to act and do more.   

Btw, above all of that. I like this motivational quotations and all motivational qutations from others adverstisement i.e. the cigarette adverstisement. They gives energy to power up me. It's influenced me to view this life in difference perspective. My last phrase on this post: "From limited to limitless, Go ahead!!! 'n Do more !!!"

Posted as Iklan New Kartu Halo terbaru 2013
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Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Berwawasan Lingkungan HidupPembangunan Berkelanjutan Berwawasan Lingkungan Hidup

By On August 5, 2011

Slum home in jakarta Indonesia
Pembangunan Berkelanjutan berwawasan lingkungan hidup

Oleh:Wisnu H Hartanto


Pembangunan Berkelanjutan yang Berwawasan Lingkungan Hidup
Kemajuan zaman yang begitu pesat telah merangsang perkembangan di segala bidang terutama bidang industri. Penggunaan sistem teknologi dan informasi yang kian mempercepat tumbuhnya bidang industri telah menciptakan dunia baru bagi manusia seolah-olah mereka tidak membutuhkan lagi interaksi dengan lingkungan sekitarnya bahkan dengan lingkungan hidupnya. Mereka hanya memikirkan bagaimana memanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin energi dan kekayaan dari alam untuk kelangsungan industri dan pabrik-pabrik yang mereka buat demi meningkatkan hasil produksi guna mencapai keuntungan sebesar-besarnya.

Dengan semakin banyaknya industri yang bermunculan maka semakin banyak pula limbah yang dihasilkan yang akan membahayakan ekosistem dan kesehatan manusia. Sikap dan sifat manusia yang terus menguras habis kekayaan alam inilah yang menimbulkan banyak bermunculan masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan hidup yang kemudian mempengaruhi pembangunan berkelanjutan, beberapa masalah lingkungan hidup yang dilaporkan oleh situs BBC News yaitu:

Jenis TemperamenJenis Temperamen

By On July 4, 2005




Sumber: Kumpulan dari beberapa artikel.

Beberapa Jenis TEMPERAMEN

Pada dasarnya, temperamen manusia dapat digolongkan menjadi 4 golongan dasar menurut filsuf yunani yakni hipocrates:

1. Sanguinis
Memiliki pribadi yg hangat, bersemangat dan menikmati hidup. Sifat cerianya membuat ia mudah menularkan semangat kepada orang lain lewat kata-katanya yang riang. Ia tidak pernah kekurangan sahabat, karena mampu merasakan suka dan duka orang yang ditemuinya. Ia ramah dan suka berbicara. Petrus diduga ber-temparemen sangunis. Ia lebih banyak bicara ketimbang para murid lainnya dan mampu mencipta kan suasana,namun tidak disiplin, labil, dan egosentris.

2. Kholeris
Seorang kholeris cenderung aktif, berkemauan keras, dan mandiri. Ia bisa bersikap tegas dan mudah mengambil keputusan bagi diri sendiri atau orang lain. Ia mempe ngaruhi orang lewat ide-ide, rancangan, visi, dan ambisinya. Ia tidak mau terlibat dalam kegiatan yang tidak punya tujuan. Itu sebabnya ia dapat sukses memimpin proyek-proyek besar. Namun ia lemah dalam hal emosi. Tidak mudah bersimpati kepada orang lain. Kurang peka. Cenderung mendominasi dan memakai orang-orang untuk mencapai tujuannya sendiri.

3. Melankolis
Orang melankolis sangat sensitif dan perfeksionis. Ia suka merenung, menganalisa, dan dikuasai oleh perasaannya sendiri. Ia biasanya menyukai seni dan berbakat seni. Ia tdk bisa bersahabat dgn semua org, tetapi sanggup menjadi sahabat setia untuk beberapa orang yang disukainya. Ia rela menderita dan memilih pekerjaan yg menuntut pengorbanan pribadi yang besar. Ia lebih pemurung dan suka menarik diri dari org lain, kecuali pada saat suasana hatinya sedang meninggi.Orang Melancholy seringkali dilukiskan sbgi “temperamen yg suram/murung”. Sebenarnya temperamen Melancholy adlh TEMPERAMEN yg PALING KAYA di antara tipe2 temperamen yg lain, oleh karena ia mempunyai sifat analitis, rela berkorban, berbakat, perfeksionis, dan memiliki emosi yg sangat sensitif. Dari keempat tipe temperamen, maka tipe Melancholy yg paling dpt menikmati karya2 seni yg tinggi.

Ia mpy sifat pembawaan yg introvert, tetapi karena perasaan-perasaannya lebih menguasai dirinya, maka keadaan hatinya cenderung utk mengikuti perasaan hatinya yg berubah-ubah. Kadang2 perasaan hatinya mengangkat dia ke puncak kegembiraan shga membuat dia bertindak lebih ektrovert; namun pada saat lain ia merasa murung dan tertekan, dan pada saat2 itu ia akan mjd orang yg sangat pendiam dan sama sekali berlawanan dgn keadaan sebelumnya. Orang yg memiliki temperamen Melancholy adlh seorang teman yg SANGAT SETIA, tetapi tidak spt org Sanguine, ia SUKAR mendapat teman. Ia tidak mau mengajukan diri utk menemui orang2 tetapi ia lebih cenderung utk membiarkan orang2 dtg kepadanya. Mungkin orang yg memiliki temperamen Melancholy adl orang yg paling dapat DIPERCAYAI dibanding dgn orang yg memiliki tipe-tipe temperamen yg lain, karena kecenderungannya utk mencapai yg sempurna tidak membiarkan dirinya mengabaikan pekerjaannya atau membiarkan orang lain kecewa bila mereka bergantung kepadanya.

Sifat pembawaannya yg pendiam dan tdk mau menonjolkan diri itu bukan
menandakan bahwa ia TIDAk menyukai orang lain. Sama spt kebanyakan darikita, ia tidak hanya menyukai orang lain, tetapi ia juga mempunyai keiinginan yg kuat untuk DIKASIHI orang lain. Pengalaman2 yg mengecewakan membuat dia enggak utk menilai seseorang berdasarkan apa yg tampak di luarnya, karena ia agak merasa CURIGA apabila ada orang yg mencari-cari dia atau memberikan perhatian yg berlebihan kepadanya.

Kemampuan yg hebat dalam menganalisa membuat dia dapat MEMPERKIRAKAN dgn tepat kemungkinan adanya halangan2 dan bahaya dlm setiap usaha yg direncanakannya. Sifat ini sangat bertentangan dgn sifat orang Choleric yg jarang sekali menyadariadanya persoalan-persoalan atau kesulitan-kesulitan, karena ia merasa YAKIN bahwa ia MAMPU mengatasi persoalan apa pun yg timbul.Sifat ini seringkali menyebabkan seorang Melancholy segan mengemukakan suatu gagasan baru atau menentang orang yg memprakarsai hal itu. Kadang2 apabila ia sedang mengalami suasana hati dan emosi yg gembira atau penuh inspirasi, ia dapat menghasilkan suatu karya seni yang besar atau MENCETUSKAN suatu hasil pemikiran yg LUAR BIASA. Hasil2 tsb seringkali diikuti dgn saat-saat depresi yg hebat.

Orang Melancholy biasanya menemukan nilai hidup PALING berarti dalam PENGORBANAN diri. Ia seakan-akan mempunyai keinginan utk membuat dirinya sendiri menderita dan seringkali akan memilih lapangan pekerjaan yg sulit yg menuntut banyak pengorbanan diri. Sekali ia telah memilih pekerjaan, ia cenderung untuk bersikap sangat teliti dan tekun dalam mencapai tujuannya dan besar kemungkinan ia akan menyelesaikannya dgn sangat baik.Temperamen memiliki potensi yg paling hebat dibanding dengan tipe2 temperamen yg lain. Tetapi tipe temperamen yg PALING KUAT dan yg memiliki BANYAK potensi ini rupanya disertai dengan KELEMAHAN yg paling BANYAK. Seorang Melancholy dpt memanfaatkan kekuatannya sampai melebihi teman-temannya, atau ia dapat begitu dikuasai oleh kelemahan-kelemahannya sehingga ia menjadi seorang yg menderita GANGGUAN emosi, orang yg putus asa atau orang yg selalu sedih tanpa alasan, yg tidak pernah menyukai dirinya sendiri ataupun DISUKAI oleh orang lain.Banyak dari antara orang2 yg berbakat besar di dunia ini yaitu para seniman, musikus, penemu, ahli filsafat, pendidik, dan ahli-ahli teori adlh orang-orang yang mempunyai temperamen Melancholy.

4. Phlegmatis
Seorang phlegmatis hampir tidak pernah marah. Nampaknya ia tenang dan menyenangkan untuk diajak berteman. Ia punya pandangan optimis tentang hidup. Ia menghindari kekerasan dan bisa menjadi pendamai. Namun ía cenderung pendiam, malu-malu, dan dingin. Ia tampak tidak begitu bergairah dlm hidup. Lebih suka menjadi penonton ketimbang terlibat.
Tidak seorangpun hanya memiliki satu tipe temperamen saja (misalnya, 100% Melankolis). Tiap orang memiliki setidaknya perpaduan dua temperamen yg menonjol (misalnya: Kholeris-melankolis, Sanguinis-Choleris, dll). Setiap temperamen punya sisi positif (kekuatan) dan sisi negatif (kelemahan) seperti yang terlihat pada bagan di bawah ini.Terhadap anak dgn temperamen spt ini, orang tua harus lebih proaktif untuk memancingnya bicara.


Melankolis

Anak sangat sensitif dan berperasaan halus, cenderung pendiam dan tertutup. Namun, ia kurang bisa mengekspresikan perasaannya. Kelebihannya, dalam bekerja anak bertempe
ramen seperti ini termasuk perfeksionis. Orang tua mesti pandai-pandai menjaga perasaannya. Jangan sampai menyinggung dan membuat hatinya terluka.

Bila ia berbuat salah, tegur dengan halus dan terfokus pada kesalahan yang dilakukannya. Hindari cara-cara kasar, seperti membentak-bentak atau melabelinya dengan predikat negatif, seperti, “Kamu memang nakal!” Hal ini akan membekas pada benaknya dan anak menganggap apa yang dikatakan orang tua merupakan hal yang sesungguhnya, yaitu bahwa dirinya memang anak nakal. Kalau sudah begitu, anak cenderung tambah tertutup.

Namun jika cara penanganannya tepat, dalam arti orang tua selalu menggunakan bahasa yang baik dan halus saat berkomunikasi dengannya, maka anak pun bisa menjalin komunikasi yang terbuka dan merasa dekat dengan orang tua.
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